Automotive Hardware Attacks: An Architect's Guide to TARA

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arXiv:2610.09697v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Threat analysis and risk assessment (TARA) according to ISO/SAE 21434 treats implementation-level hardware attacks inconsistently. We show that two of the three attack-feasibility approaches exemplified in the standard rate every attack path that requires physical access as very low by construction, independent of the implementation, while the third can assign the same path any of the four ratings, depending on the assumed state of attacker knowle