Software-Pipelining The Number Theoretic Transform on Neural Processing Units: A Loop-Fission Methodology

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Lattice-based post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) rely heavily on the number theoretic transform (NTT) for efficient polynomial multiplication. While GPUs and FPGAs have been widely explored for NTT acceleration, neural processing units (NPUs), a rapidly growing class of AI accelerators, remain largely unexplored for cryptographic workloads. In this work, we develop a methodology for accelerating the NTT on NPUs, using AMD’s AI Engine (AIE) architecture as a re