Zero Knowledge (About) Encryption: A Comparative Security Analysis of Four Cloud-based Password Managers

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Zero Knowledge Encryption is a term widely used by vendors of cloud-based password managers. Although it has no strict technical meaning, the term conveys the idea that the server, who stores encrypted password vaults on behalf of users, is unable to learn anything about the contents of those vaults. The security claims made by vendors imply that this should hold even if the server is fully malicious. This threat model is justified in practice by the high sensitivity of vault data, which makes