Secure and Privacy-preserving CBDC Offline Payments using a Secure Element

본문 미리보기

Offline payments present an opportunity for central bank digital currency to address the lack of digital financial inclusion plaguing existing digital payment solutions. However, the design of secure offline payments is a complex undertaking; for example, the lack of connectivity during the payments renders double spending attacks trivial. While the identification of double spenders and penal sanctions may curb attacks by individuals, they may not be sufficient against concerted efforts by state