Noise-Tolerant Plaintext-Checking Oracle Attacks -- A Soft-Analytic Approach Applied to ML-KEM

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Plaintext-checking oracle (PCO) attacks are among the most prominent types of attacks against NIST's recently standardized ML-KEM. Previous works have drastically reduced the number of queries needed to recover the secret key. Although this number is now close to the information-theoretic bound, current attacks have not yet been adapted to settings with increased noise and highly imperfect oracles. In attacks targeting real-world protected implementations, noisy leakage may lead to oracles th