Formalizing PQC Signature Transition: Case of PoW Blockchain Against On-Spend Attack

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It is getting widely recognized that quantum computers pose a fundamental threat to blockchain security. The transaction signature transition to Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) is therefore an urgent challenge. However, it remains unclear how much quantum computing power would be sufficient to compromise blockchain security and, consequently, by when the transition should be completed. To address these questions theoretically, we first formalize the signature transition process and the quantum a