Thunderbolt: Fast Asynchronous Off-Chain Bitcoin Transfers

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We present Thunderbolt, an off-chain protocol that transfers Bitcoin UTXO ownership with seconds-scale latency, requires no channel graph, no routing, and no liquidity rebalancing, and lets the recipient be offline at the time of transfer. A single UTXO is locked once on-chain under a fixed public key jointly held by the current owner and a threshold committee; ownership then passes through an unbounded sequence of holders; each transfer is a purely off-chain, asynchronous operation whose on-cha