Full Key Recovery of Masked PRESENT on an Out-of-Order RISC-V Processor: A First Reported Case Study

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Masking-based countermeasures such as Threshold Implementations and Probe-Isolating Non-Interference (PINI) protect cryptographic software by maintaining separation between sensitive shares under a prescribed leakage model. Modern out-of-order (OoO) processors, however, introduce backend mechanisms such as register renaming, dynamic scheduling, forwarding, speculative execution, and physical-register reuse that can create additional observations not represented at the ISA level. We develop a